# USB Digital Camera HOWTO

### Dave Kelly

daveekelly@earthlink.net

April 2002

Revision History
Revision 2.0 | 2002-06-02 | Revised by: tab
Converted to Docbook XML 4.1.2
Revision 1.0 | 2002-04-13 | Revised by: dek
Initial release

# Chapter 1. License

# 1.1. Copyright

Copyright 2001 Dave Kelly, et al.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in Appendix D.

# 1.2. Intent

This HOWTO is intended for the new Linux user who already has a camera with Universal Serial Bus (USB) mass storage capabilities or wants to buy one. If you were like me, someone gave you one for your birthday, and you just could not take it back without hurting some feelings. So, you get into your Linux documentation and make it work. There is nothing we can't do, and there are no dumb questions, only information we don't have yet.

# 1.3. Scope of Devices

This procedure works with the Linux kernel version 2.4.8, and I tested it with a Sony P-50 Cybershot with a 4 MB and 64 MB memory stick, and a USB smart card reader for an Olympus camera. I have read that the procedure will also work on kernel versions back to 2.2.19, but there are no guarantees. I know the procedure does not work on my old kernel version of 2.2.15.

The information in this document is how I solved my problems. There are other way to do this but it may require recompiling the kernel, which I did not want to do. This document should give you the necessary information to make USB mass storage active at boot time.

Also, Linux is an evolving technology, a hands on technology, and while this document may not give you the answers to your specific question, it should give you a place to start exploring for those answers. Plus the serendipity of discovering new thing along the way.

The following excerpt from the "gphoto2 README" might give you some insight to other cameras that will work with this procedure. I don't know who to give credit for this, as I could not find a name.) Check the "gphoto" link for updated information: http://www.gphoto.org

> Then, there are cameras supporting the so-called USB Mass Storage protocol. This is a protocol that has been published and lets you access any storage device, be it a camera or a disk connected via USB to your computer. As there are already drivers for this protocol out there, you don't need an additional program like gphoto2.

> As of now, the following cameras seem to support the USB Mass Storage protocol:

> - Casio QV [2x00,3x00,8000]

> - Fuji FinePix S1 Pro, [1400,2400,4700]Zoom, 1300, 4500

> - HP PhotoSmart 315, 618, 912

> - Leica Digilux 4.3

> - Konica KD300Z

> - Kyocera Finecam s3

> - Minolta Dimage 7

> - Nikon Coolpix 995

> - Olympus C-100, C-200Z, C-700, C-860L, C-2040, C-3020Z, C-3040Z, C-4040Zoom, D-510, E-10

> - Pentax Optio 330

> - Sony DSC-F505(V), DSC P5, DSC-F707

> Again, those cameras cannot be accessed through gphoto2.

> Other cameras support a protocol called PTP or USB Imaging Devices that has been developed by Kodak and other. gphoto2 does not support PTP yet, but jPhoto does. Here is a short list of cameras that use this protocol:

> - Kodak DC-4800, DX-3215, DX-3500, DX-3600, DX-3700, DX-3900, MC3 and all the cameras that use Kodak Easy Share™ system.

> - Sony DSC-P5, DSC-F707 (both need user configuration of the camera)

> These cameras won't be supported until gphoto2 implements PTP.

# 1.4. Reading Material

You are encouraged to read the following manuals and HOWTOs. The information in them is helpful.

## 1.4.1. Man Pages

- lsmod

- modprobe

- mount

- mv

- su

- fstab

- mtab

- dir

- install

- mknod

- chown

## 1.4.2. HOWTOs

- Module-HOWTO

- Bash-Prog-Intro-HOWTO

- SCSI-2.4-HOWTO

- Hardware-HOWTO

Most distros come with all the HOWTOs. If yours did not, they are available at:http://www.tldp.org.

## 1.4.3. Websites

- http://www2.one-eyed-alien.net/~mdharm/Linux-usb/

- http://www.Linux-usb.org/USB-guide/book1.html

# Chapter 2. Assumptions

My system is a Athlon 900 with a 40 gig hard drive. I have no SCSI or USB devices. My kernel was compiled without any of the SCSI or USB drivers. I compiled the SCSI and USB drivers as modules. I have version 2.4.8_26mdk of the Linux kernel with Mandrake 8.1. Since we are working on the kernel level, this document should be applicable to any distro.

I also make the following assumptions in this document:

- You do not have any SCSI or USB modules loaded or mounted.

- You are the superuser and have the root password.

- The word camera can refer to a device of type camera, card reader, any USB mass storage device.

- The mount point "camera", `/mnt/camera`, does not refer to a device in the aforementioned context. Look in the directory `/mnt` and you will probably see cdrom, disk, floppy, and maybe several others device names. In mine, you will see these plus "camera". These are directories, and they are mount points.

- The symbol "[bash]$" means the command line prompt. Do not type it when you are entering a command. It is where you type the command line to give user input to the computer.

# Chapter 3. Preliminary Setup

At this point you need to make some decisions. You will need to create a directory for a mount point, and you will need a name for this directory. I use camera and place it in `/mnt`. The name of the directory (`camera` in my case) can be any word of your choice. The command for creating this directory is:

    [bash]$ mkdir -m 777 /mnt/camera

I prefer for all my pictures to be in one directory with subdirectories by subject matter, so I also created a directory named `picture`, and placed it in my home directory. The name of the directory (`picture` in my case) can be any word of your choice. The command for creating this directory is:

    [bash]$ mkdir -m 777 ~/picture

See Section A.1, listed at the end of this document.

The big decision! Are you going to do this as "user" or "superuser/root"?

# Chapter 4. The Script Files

The following script file is the result of reading several of the Linux newsgroups and a lot of HOWTOs and manuals. I take no credit for originality but confess that this is a compilation of what those more experienced have told me. A very big thank you to all those in the newsgroups who responded to my questions and the ones posted by others who were seeking this information.

To get started, using your favorite text editor select a name for the file and, type in the following script for a user or superuser.

# 4.1. If You Login as User

Type in the following script file:

    echo "Please enter a directory name for the pictures."
    read DIRPATH
    mkdir ~/picture/$DIRPATH
    su -c "/sbin/modprobe usb-storage; mount -t vfat /dev/sda1 /mnt/camera;
    /etc/rc.d/init.d/usb start;
    mv /mnt/camera/dcim/100msdcf/*.jpg ~/picture/$DIRPATH;
    umount /mnt/camera;
    chown -R your_login_name ~/picture/$DIRPATH"

# 4.2. If You Login as Superuser

If you are not creating this script for use as superuser, go to Section 4.3.

Type in the following script file.

    echo "Please enter a directory name for the pictures."
    read DIRPATH
    mkdir picture/$DIRPATH
    /sbin/modprobe usb-storage
    mount -t vfat /dev/sda1 /mnt/camera
    /etc/rc.d/init.d/usb start
    mv /mnt/camera/dcim/100msdcf/*.jpg picture/$DIRPATH;
    umount /mnt/camera
    chown -R your_login_name picture/$DIRPATH

# 4.3. Make it Executable

Now make the script file executable. The command for that is:

As user:

    [bash]$ su -c "chmod a=r+w+x your_script_file_name"

As superuser:

    [bash#] chmod a=r+w+x your_script_file_name

# 4.4. What is Happening while the script is running

When you run the script, it will create a subject matter directory. `DIRPATH` should describe the pictures and is entered at the prompt. If `your_script_file_name` = `getcamJ`,(J for getting the pictures with .jpg extensions) the command sequence would look like this:

    [bash]$ getcamJ
    Please enter a directory name for the pictures.
    bash]$ something
    Password:
    [bash]$ your root password

If you run this script file in superuser mode the rest of this paragraph does not apply. You have to be superuser to run this. Consequently, the 'su' command. The `-c` flag will let you execute one command and return to your present working directory. The quotation marks allow you to enter more that one command. And the semicolon allows one command to execute right after the last.

`/sbin/modprobe usb-storage`: modprobe will install the USB mass storage module along with any other modules or drivers needed. Mainly the SCSI driver. Make sure that you have in your /dev directory the following entries. sda0, sda1, sda2, sda3, sda4, sdb0, sdb1, sdb2, sdb3, sdb4. Set sda1 to the appropriate device if you have other SCSI devices mounted, probably sdb1.

Mount your SCSI driver: `mount -t vfat /dev/sda1 /mnt/camera`

Start your USB: `/etc/rc.d/init.d/usb start`

Move your pictures from your camera to your hard drive. mv will also remove your pictures from your camera: `mv /mnt/camera/dcim/100msdcf/*.jpg picture/$DIRPATH;`

Unmount your SCSI driver: `umount /mnt/camera`

Then: `chown -R your_login_name picture/$DIRPATH`. When you do something as superuser (su) or root, root owns those files/pictures. Some of the things you may want to do to these files/pictures may give you a permission denied error. This allows the user to work without those errors. Read the manual for more information.

My system is set up with no USB or SCSI compiled into the kernel. All this was compiled as modules. This script file assumes your system is the same. If not, you will have to make some modifications. Please read the manuals and HOWTOs. Or ask on one of the Linux newsgroups.

# Chapter 5. Exploring and Fine Tuning

OK, you should be set up and ready to do some exploring. Go take some trash pictures with your camera in all the different formats. Mine will take in 4 formats, TIFF, GIF, JPEG, and MPEG, and it also provides a thumbnail of each picture. In my Sony P-50 these will be stored on the memory media in 4 different sub-folders, 100msdcf, imcif100, thm, and moml0001. These are in 2 folders, dcim, and mssony. You need to find how your camera names the directories. You can do this in the following manner:

- Copy the above script file to a working file name.

- With your text editor change line: `mv /mnt/camera/dcim/100msdcf/*.jpg picture/$DIRPATH` to `mv /mnt/camera/* picture/$DIRPATH`

- Run the script from a command line as follows:

      [bash]$ ./your_script_file_name

  (notice the dot and forward slash)

# 5.1. DON'T PANIC

THE MODIFIED SCRIPT FILE MAY GIVE YOU SOME ERRORS. Just ignore them for now. Before you panic and say it does not work, look and see if you have pictures. If you do, write down the directory path names. Go back to your text editor and substitute them for dcim/100msdcf/*.jpg in the script file. You may want to make several script files to handle the each of the different picture formats.

At this point the directory on your hard drive should look something like Section A.2. Enter this command to confirm it does:

    [bash]$ dir -R name-of-your-picture-directory

The information in this document and the manuals and HOWTOs should get you up and running.

Good Luck.

Dave

# Chapter 6. Troubleshooting or PANIC!

If nothing has gone right, let's do some troubleshooting. Use your camera and see if you still have pictures on it. If you do, skip the rest of this paragraph. If you don't, they should be someplace, check again. If not, and you can not find them, go take some more. Turn your camera off and plug it in and boot up again.

Check to see if the mount point unlinked by mv,`/mnt/camera` is there. If it's gone create it again. Sometimes the mount point disappears in modified mode. Also, I have notice on my system that sometimes the SCSI device in `/dev` (sda1) gets removed. Check that also and replace if needed.

Clean up all the extra directories you got from the script you ran that produced the errors and run your new script with the directories and see if it works. To make it easier to clean up all the directories and files you may have to `su -` if you're in user mode. Be sure to change back when you get through. See Appendix C at the end of this document.

Type:

    [bash]$ dmesg

and you should see this somewhere:

    hub.c: USB new device connect on bus1/1, assigned device number 2
    usb.c: USB device 2 (vend/prod 0x54c/0x10) is not claimed by any active driver. (The
    0x54c/0x10 will be different for different vendors.)

If you see this, your USB mass storage device in recognized.

Now turn your camera on and run the script file (the modified one) and you should see something like this when you run dmesg again:

    [bash]$ dmesg

    SCSI subsystem driver Revision: 1.00
    Initializing USB Mass Storage driver...
    usb.c: registered new driver usb-storage
    scsi0 : SCSI emulation for USB Mass Storage devices
    Vendor: Sony Model: Sony DSC Rev: 3.22
    Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 02
    WARNING: USB Mass Storage data integrity not assured
    USB Mass Storage device found at 2
    USB Mass Storage support registered.
    Attached scsi removable disk sda at scsi0, channel 0, id 0, lun 0
    SCSI device sda: 126848 512-byte hdwr sectors (65 MB)
    sda: Write Protect is off
    /dev/scsi/host0/bus0/target0/lun0: p1
    usb-uhci.c: interrupt, status 3, frame# 1628

Now run this command and read Appendix B.

    [bash]$ lsmod

If the information from running lsmod appears as in Appendix B,and your dmesg shows the information listed above, and there are no pictures, I don't know what is wrong. Unfortunately, the only thing I know to do is go thru the whole process again. Only this time use the re-direction option `>filename` to capture the results. Post this to one of these 2 newsgroups:

- alt.OS.Linux.mandrake

- comp.OS.Linux.hardware

telling what you've done and ask for help. Include everything you can think of, the more information the better, and e-mail me at the same time. My address is: daveekelly@earthlink.net.

# Chapter 7. Last Things Last

After you have got everything working correctly and working just the way you want it to, this is something you can do if you want to. Not required. You can continue to run the executable script file from the directory you wrote it in with the dot slash option preceding the name (./) or you can install it in one of the directories that hold other executable applications. I would recommend `/usr/sbin`. The command for that is:

    [bash]$ install file_name /usr/sbin

# Appendix A. Appendix A

# A.1. PART 1

This is the way I want my picture directory to be set up. A primary directory `picture` and a sub-directory describing the content `smkbot`.

    picture/smkbot:
    dsc00117.jpg dsc00120.jpg dsc00123.jpg dsc00126.jpg dsc00129.jpg
    dsc00118.jpg dsc00121.jpg dsc00124.jpg dsc00127.jpg dsc00130.jpg
    dsc00119.jpg dsc00122.jpg dsc00125.jpg dsc00128.jpg dsc00131.jpg

# A.2. PART 2

With the modified version of the script file you have the pictures scattered over several directories. But right now, this is what we want.

    picture/trash:
    camera

    picture/trash/camera:
    dcim mssony

    picture/trash/camera/dcim:
    100msdcf

    picture/trash/camera/dcim/100msdcf:
    dsc00357.jpg dsc00360.jpg dsc00363.jpg txt00365.gif
    dsc00358.jpg dsc00361.jpg dsc00364.jpg txt00365.thm
    dsc00359.jpg dsc00362.jpg dsc00366.jpg

    picture/trash/camera/mssony:
    imcif100

    picture/trash/camera/mssony/imcif100:
    dsc00364.jpg dsc00366.tif

# Appendix B. Appendix B

What we want to see here is the word usb-storage under the Used by column:

    Module       Size      Used by
    nls_iso8859-12880  0   (autoclean)
    nls_cp437 4400  0   (autoclean)
    sd_mod11792  0   (autoclean)
    vfat 9968  0   (autoclean)
    fat 32192  0  (autoclean) [vfat]
    usb-storage 52528 0
    scsi_mod 91072 2 [sd_mod usb-storage]
    ppp_deflate 42208 0  (autoclean)
    bsd_comp  4576  0  (autoclean)
    ppp_async 6672  0  (autoclean)
    ppp_generic 19616  0  (autoclean) [ppp_deflate bsd_comp ppp_async]
    slhc 5136  0  (autoclean) [ppp_generic]
    parport_pc  20240 1  (autoclean)
    lp 5808  0  (autoclean)
    parport  24768  1 (autoclean) [parport_pc lp]
    es1371 26768  1
    soundcore 4208  4 [es1371]
    ac97_codec  9312  0  [es1371]
    gameport  1856  0  [es1371]
    af_packet  12560  0 (autoclean)
    ip_vs 62000  0  (autoclean)
    usb-uhci  21232  0  (unused)
    usbcore  50752  1 [usb-storage usb-uhci]
    rtc 5600  0  (autoclean)

# Appendix C. Appendix C

When you go to clean up all those test directories, use the following command. BUT BE VERY VERY CAREFUL:

    [bash]$ rm -Rf picture/test_directory

You could lose more than you bargin for, `test_directory` should be what you entered for `$DIRPATH` in the scripts above. (It never hurts for first time user to slip over somewhere else and create a directory tree, copy file to it, and test this command line before using it on something irreplacable.) Again read the manual.

# Appendix D. Gnu Free Documentation License

Version 1.1, March 2000

> Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

# D.1. PREAMBLE

The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.

This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.

We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.

# D.2. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you".

A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language.

A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.

The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License.

The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License.

A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".

Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML designed for human modification. Opaque formats include PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors for output purposes only.

The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

# D.3. VERBATIM COPYING

You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.

# D.4. COPYING IN QUANTITY

If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.

If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.

If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.

It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.

# D.5. MODIFICATIONS

You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

1. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.

2. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five).

3. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.

4. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.

5. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.

6. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.

7. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.

8. Include an unaltered copy of this License.

9. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.

10. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.

11. In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.

12. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.

13. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version.

14. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.

If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.

You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

# D.6. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice.

The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections entitled "Endorsements."

# D.7. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.

# D.8. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the compilation. Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate. Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.

# D.9. TRANSLATION

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License provided that you also include the original English version of this License. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original English version of this License, the original English version will prevail.

# D.10. TERMINATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.

# D.11. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.

# D.12. How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:

> Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections" instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no Front-Cover Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of "Front-Cover Texts being LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.