Chapter 35. Bash, version 2

   1 #!/bin/bash
   2 
   3 # String expansion.
   4 # Introduced with version 2 of Bash.
   5 
   6 # Strings of the form $'xxx'
   7 # have the standard escaped characters interpreted. 
   8 
   9 echo $'Ringing bell 3 times \a \a \a'
  10 echo $'Three form feeds \f \f \f'
  11 echo $'10 newlines \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n'
  12 
  13 exit 0

   1 #!/bin/bash
   2 
   3 # Indirect variable referencing.
   4 # This has a few of the attributes of references in C++.
   5 
   6 
   7 a=letter_of_alphabet
   8 letter_of_alphabet=z
   9 
  10 echo "a = $a"           # Direct reference.
  11 
  12 echo "Now a = ${!a}"    # Indirect reference.
  13 # The ${!variable} notation is greatly superior to the old "eval var1=\$$var2"
  14 
  15 echo
  16 
  17 t=table_cell_3
  18 table_cell_3=24
  19 echo "t = ${!t}"        # t = 24
  20 table_cell_3=387
  21 echo "Value of t changed to ${!t}"    # 387
  22 
  23 # This is useful for referencing members of an array or table,
  24 # or for simulating a multi-dimensional array.
  25 # An indexing option would have been nice (sigh).
  26 
  27 exit 0

   1 #!/bin/bash
   2 # May need to be invoked with  #!/bin/bash2  on older machines.
   3 
   4 # Cards:
   5 # deals four random hands from a deck of cards.
   6 
   7 UNPICKED=0
   8 PICKED=1
   9 
  10 DUPE_CARD=99
  11 
  12 LOWER_LIMIT=0
  13 UPPER_LIMIT=51
  14 CARDS_IN_SUIT=13
  15 CARDS=52
  16 
  17 declare -a Deck
  18 declare -a Suits
  19 declare -a Cards
  20 # It would have been easier and more intuitive
  21 # with a single, 3-dimensional array.
  22 # Perhaps a future version of Bash will support multidimensional arrays.
  23 
  24 
  25 initialize_Deck ()
  26 {
  27 i=$LOWER_LIMIT
  28 until [ "$i" -gt $UPPER_LIMIT ]
  29 do
  30   Deck[i]=$UNPICKED   # Set each card of "Deck" as unpicked.
  31   let "i += 1"
  32 done
  33 echo
  34 }
  35 
  36 initialize_Suits ()
  37 {
  38 Suits[0]=C #Clubs
  39 Suits[1]=D #Diamonds
  40 Suits[2]=H #Hearts
  41 Suits[3]=S #Spades
  42 }
  43 
  44 initialize_Cards ()
  45 {
  46 Cards=(2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K A)
  47 # Alternate method of initializing an array.
  48 }
  49 
  50 pick_a_card ()
  51 {
  52 card_number=$RANDOM
  53 let "card_number %= $CARDS"
  54 if [ "${Deck[card_number]}" -eq $UNPICKED ]
  55 then
  56   Deck[card_number]=$PICKED
  57   return $card_number
  58 else  
  59   return $DUPE_CARD
  60 fi
  61 }
  62 
  63 parse_card ()
  64 {
  65 number=$1
  66 let "suit_number = number / CARDS_IN_SUIT"
  67 suit=${Suits[suit_number]}
  68 echo -n "$suit-"
  69 let "card_no = number % CARDS_IN_SUIT"
  70 Card=${Cards[card_no]}
  71 printf %-4s $Card
  72 # Print cards in neat columns.
  73 }
  74 
  75 seed_random ()  # Seed random number generator.
  76 {
  77 seed=`eval date +%s`
  78 let "seed %= 32766"
  79 RANDOM=$seed
  80 }
  81 
  82 deal_cards ()
  83 {
  84 echo
  85 
  86 cards_picked=0
  87 while [ "$cards_picked" -le $UPPER_LIMIT ]
  88 do
  89   pick_a_card
  90   t=$?
  91 
  92   if [ "$t" -ne $DUPE_CARD ]
  93   then
  94     parse_card $t
  95 
  96     u=$cards_picked+1
  97     # Change back to 1-based indexing (temporarily).
  98     let "u %= $CARDS_IN_SUIT"
  99     if [ "$u" -eq 0 ]   # Nested if/then condition test.
 100     then
 101      echo
 102      echo
 103     fi
 104     # Separate hands.
 105 
 106     let "cards_picked += 1"
 107   fi  
 108 done  
 109 
 110 echo
 111 
 112 return 0
 113 }
 114 
 115 
 116 # Structured programming:
 117 # entire program logic modularized in functions.
 118 
 119 #================
 120 seed_random
 121 initialize_Deck
 122 initialize_Suits
 123 initialize_Cards
 124 deal_cards
 125 
 126 exit 0
 127 #================
 128 
 129 
 130 
 131 # Exercise 1:
 132 # Add comments to thoroughly document this script.
 133 
 134 # Exercise 2:
 135 # Revise the script to print out each hand sorted in suits.
 136 # You may add other bells and whistles if you like.
 137 
 138 # Exercise 3:
 139 # Simplify and streamline the logic of the script.