The GNU Video CD Image Maker

Introduction

This manual describes the GNU VCDImager(1) package. It provides a front end, `vcdimager', to generate CD-ROM images suitable for being burnt on to CD recordables. It takes MPEG movie files as its input and generates an image file and a cue-sheet file. These can then be fed to a CD-recording program which recognizes the BIN/CUE-format, such as cdrdao(2), for instance.

Features of the backend library(3), on which all frontends rely, include:

• Video CD 1.1 image output support.

• Video CD 2.0 image output support.

• Super Video CD 1.0 image output support.

• General facility for adding files as mode 2 form 1 and 2 sectors to the ISO9660 filesystem and setting the ISO9660 volume label and application id fields.

• Support for up to 98 MPEG tracks per (Super) Video CD.

• Supports 99 minute CD-R media(4).

This package also includes `vcdrip', a tool for dumping information about (Super) Video CD image files(5) and extracting the MPEG streams from them.

GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE

Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

Preamble

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Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.

To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does. Copyright (C) yyyy name of author This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:

Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19yy name of author Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.

The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.

You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:

Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. signature of Ty Coon, 1 April 1989 Ty Coon, President of Vice

This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General Public License instead of this License.

1. Video CD Concepts

This chapter gives some background information regarding the underlying Video CD technology.

Warning: All information this chapter is presented without any warranty of accuracy or correctness. You are encouraged to send corrections and improvements for this manual to bug-vcdimager@gnu.org.

1.1 General Information

The Video Compact Disc (Video CD or VCD) is a standardized digital video storage format. It is based on the commonly available Compact Disc technology, which allows for low cost video authoring. Video CDs can be played in most DVD standalone player, dedicated VCD players and finally, modern Personal Computers with multimedia support.

1.2 Anatomy of Video CDs

In general, the layout of a Video CD is as follows:

• ISO9660 data track.
  • ISO9660 structure at 00:02:00 consisting of 16 empty sectors, primary volume descriptor (PVD) and directory records with file pointers to information area structures (described below) and external pointers to MPEG/CD-DA tracks following the ISO9660 data track.

  • Karaoke area at 00:03:00.

  • Video CD information area at 00:04:00.

  • Optional segment play item area with MPEG items aligned in 150 sector segments.

  • Optional program and data file area, for additional files added to the ISO9660 track.

• Up to 98 MPEG mode 2 form 2 or CD-DA tracks embedded in lead-in and lead-out empty sectors.

1.3 Known Video CD Flavors

There are different Video CD flavours commonly used. The following sections tries to explain the differences amongst them.

1.3.1 Video CD 1.1

This is the most basic Video CD specification dating back to 1993(6), which has the following characteristics:

• One mode 2 mixed form ISO9660 track containing file pointers to the information areas.

• Up to 98 multiplexed MPEG-1 audio/video streams or CD-DA audio tracks.

• Up to 500 MPEG track entry points.

The Video CD specification requires the multiplexed MPEG-1 stream to have a CBR of about 174300 bytes per second(7) in order to accommodate single speed CD-ROM drives. This allows one of the following two resolutions:

• 352 x 240 @ 29.97 Hz (NTSC).
• 352 x 240 @ 23.976 Hz (FILM).

The CBR MPEG-1, layer II audio stream is fixed at 224kbps with 1 stereo or 2 mono channels.

1.3.2 Video CD 2.0

About two years after the Video CD 1.1 specification came out, an improved Video CD 2.0 standard was published. This one added the following items to the features already available in the 1.1 specification:

• Support for (optional) MPEG segment play items (SPI), consisting of still pictures, motion pictures or audio streams was added.

• Support for (optional) interactive playback control (PBC) was added.

• Support for (optional) playing related access by providing a scan point index file was added. (`EXT/SCANDATA.DAT')

By adding PAL support to the Video CD 1.1 specification, the following resolutions became available:

• 352 x 240 @ 29.97 Hz (NTSC).
• 352 x 240 @ 23.976 Hz (FILM).
• 352 x 288 @ 25 Hz (PAL).

1.3.3 Extended Video CD

Also known as XVCD, this is not an official standard. It's actually just a name for VCDs which do not conform with the official standards in order to use the additional performance of the DVD decoders and thus achieve better image quality. Such an XVCD may be unsupported by many available standalone playing devices.

1.3.4 Super Video CD 1.0

With the upcoming of the DVD media, a new VCD standard had to be published in order to be able to keep up with technology, so the Super Video CD specification was called into life. Most notably a switch from MPEG-1 CBR to MPEG-2 VBR encoding for the video stream was performed. The following new features are based upon the Video CD specification.

• Use of MPEG-2 encoding instead of MPEG-1 for the video stream.

• Allowed VBR encoding of MPEG-1 audio stream.

• Higher resolutions (see below) for video stream resolution.

• Overlay graphics and text (OGT) sub-channel coding for user switchable subtitle displaying.

For the Super Video CD, only the following two resolutions are supported for motion pictures:

• 480 x 480 @ 29.97 Hz (NTSC).
• 480 x 576 @ 25 Hz (PAL).

1.3.5 Extended Super Video CD

Just like the XVCD, and thus also known as XSVCD, this is not an official standard and may not work with all playing devices supporting SVCDs.

2. Reference

2.1 `vcdimager' Tool

There are a few command-line options for `vcdimager' at the moment:

$ vcdimager --help Usage: vcdimager [OPTION...] -t, --type=TYPE select VideoCD type ('vcd11', 'vcd2' or 'svcd') (default: 'vcd2') -c, --cue-file=FILE specify cue file for output (default: 'videocd.cue') -b, --bin-file=FILE specify bin file for output (default: 'videocd.bin') -l, --iso-volume-label=LABEL specify ISO volume label for video cd (default: 'VideoCD') --iso-application-id=LABEL specify ISO application id for video cd (default: '') --info-album-id=LABEL specify album id for video cd set (default: '') --volume-count=NUMBER specify number of volumes in album set --volume-number=NUMBER specify album set sequence number (< volume-count) --broken-svcd-mode enable non-compliant compatibility mode for broken devices --sector-2336 use 2336 byte sectors for output --add-dir=DIR add directory contents recursively to ISO fs root --add-file=FILE,ISO_FILENAME add single file to ISO fs --add-file-2336=FILE,ISO_FILENAME add file containing full 2336 byte sectors to ISO fs -p, --progress show progress -v, --verbose be verbose -q, --quiet show only critical messages -V, --version display version and copyright information and exit Help options: -?, --help Show this help message --usage Display brief usage message $

2.1.1 Requirements For input MPEG streams

GNU VCDImager expects MPEG streams in a format suitable for (Super) Video CD production.

2.1.1.1 Video CD

The Video CD specification requires the multiplexed MPEG-1 stream to have a bit rate of about 174300 bytes per second. The video stream is required to have one of the following resolutions:

• 352 x 240 @ 29.97 Hz (NTSC).
• 352 x 240 @ 23.976 Hz (FILM).
• 352 x 288 @ 25 Hz (PAL) (not supported on VCD 1.x!).

The audio stream must be MPEG-1 layer II, fixed to a 224 kbits/sec CBR with 1 stereo or 2 mono audio channels.

2.1.1.2 Super Video CD

When creating Super Video CD images MPEG-2 VBR streams are expected with a maximum allowed bit-rate of approximately 2.6 mbits/sec. The following video resolutions are (officially) supported(8):

• 480 x 480 @ 29.97 Hz (NTSC).
• 480 x 576 @ 25 Hz (PAL).

There are a few other requirements imposed by the specification, like the need to encode scan information as user data in the picture layer of all intra pictures, and the requirement to precede every I picture by a GOP header which shall be preceded by a sequence header in its turn and possibly begin all in the same packet, thus forming a so called access point sector.

The audio stream must be MPEG-1 layer II, with a bit-rate ranging from 32 to 384 kbps kbits/sec bit-rate with up to 2 stereo or 4 mono channels, or 1 extended MPEG-1/2 multichannel (5+1) surround sound stream.

2.1.1.3 Common Constraints

Furthermore the MPEG files should be aligned to 2324 byte MPEG packet boundaries. If they aren't GNU VCDImager will try to align them on the fly while issuing a warning that padding was needed.

%If on-the-fly padding should fail, you can try fixing those files with VCDpad %(9) or any other %program capable of aligning or fixing MPEG packets.

2.1.2 Adding Files to the Video CD

Files can be added to the ISO file-system, that is the first track of the Video CD, by making use of the command-line options `--add-file=FILE,ISO_FILENAME' and `--add-file-2336=FILE,ISO_FILENAME'. The latter option allows you to include files containing the complete user data of mode 2 CD-ROM sectors (10).

The path name given as ISO_FILENAME determines where to link the file in the file-system of the Video CD. The given path name must be a valid ISO9660 file name with the following restrictions:

• The Character set is restricted to upper case letters, numbers, underscore `_', dot `.' and slash `/'.

• The maximum file name length is restricted to 31 characters, the directory nesting level is restricted to 8 and the maximum path length is limited to 255 characters.

• File names must contain exactly one dot.(11)

• The path-name must not begin or end with a slash nor should it contain slashes following directly each other.

If the parent directory for a file entry does not exist it will be created automatically on demand.

2.1.3 CD-i Support

If you happen to have a CD-i application consisting of the files `cdi_imag.rtf', `cdi_text.fnt', `cdi_vcd.app' and `cdi_vcd.cfg', with `cdi_vcd.app' being the main application executable, you could add the following lines to your `~/.popt' popt(12) aliasing file(13)

vcdimager alias --cdi \ --iso-application-id "CDI/CDI_VCD.APP;1" \ --add-file-2336 /usr/share/cdi/cdi_imag.rtf,CDI/CDI_IMAG.RTF \ --add-file /usr/share/cdi/cdi_text.fnt,CDI/CDI_TEXT.FNT \ --add-file /usr/share/cdi/cdi_vcd.app,CDI/CDI_VCD.APP \ --add-file /usr/share/cdi/cdi_vcd.cfg,CDI/CDI_VCD.CFG

2.2 `vcdrip' Tool

The `vcdrip' utility offers just a few command line options:

$ vcdrip --help Usage: vcdrip [OPTION...] -b, --bin-file=FILE set image file as source --sector-2336 use 2336 byte sector mode for image file --cdrom-device=DEVICE set CDROM device as source (Linux only) -d, --dump dump information about VideoCD --rip rip mpeg tracks --rip-spi rip segment play items -v, --verbose be verbose -q, --quiet show only critical messages -V, --version display version and copyright information and exit Help options: -?, --help Show this help message --usage Display brief usage message $

3. Examples

3.1 Simple Multitrack Example

In the following example session, the files `track1.mpg', `track2.mpg' and `track3.mpg' are mastered into the default output files `videocd.cue' and `videocd.bin'. The volume label is set to `My Test VCD'.

$ vcdimager --iso-volume-label="My Test VCD" track1.mpg track2 track3.mpg finished ok, image created with 13421 sectors (31566192 bytes) $

3.2 MPEG Extraction

The next example show how to extract the MPEG streams contained in the image file `test.bin' (the resulting streams are stored in files named `track_##.mpg' with `##' being the track number, starting with 0).

$ vcdrip-devel -v --rip --bin-file=test.bin --DEBUG: found ENTRIES.VCD/SVD INFO: track_00.mpg: 1262 -> 2555 --DEBUG: stream leadin at 1292 --DEBUG: stream leadout at 2360 INFO: track_01.mpg: 2555 -> 101705 --DEBUG: stream leadin at 2585 --DEBUG: stream leadout at 101510 INFO: track_02.mpg: 101705 -> 200994 --DEBUG: stream leadin at 101735 --DEBUG: stream leadout at 200799 INFO: track_03.mpg: 200994 -> 300041 --DEBUG: stream leadin at 201024 --DEBUG: stream leadout at 299996 $

A. Acronym Expansions

CBR

constant bit rate

CD

compact disc

CD-DA

CD digital audio

CD-ROM

CD read only memory

DVD

digital versatile/video disc

FSF

free software foundation, http://www.fsf.org/

GNU

GNU is not UNIX, http://www.gnu.org/

MPEG

movie picture experts group

OGT

overlay graphics & text

PBC

playback control

PVD

primary volume descriptor

SVCD

Super VCD

VBR

variable bit rate

VCD

Video CD

XSVCD

eXtended SVCD

XVCD

eXtended VCD

Footnotes

(1)

see http://www.gnu.org/software/vcdimager/

(2)

see http://www.ping.de/sites/daneb/cdrdao.html

(3)

the core of the GNU VCDImager package consists of a library named libvcd, the frontends are just user interfaces to the exported C-API

(4)

...though most devices will have problems with such out of specification media. You may want use the `--sector-2336' option for images longer than 80 minutes

(5)

on Linux it is supported to operate directly on CD-ROM devices

(6)

actually this flavour was based on the Karaoke-CD, which was the first MPEG based CD-ROM format.

(7)

2324 bytes of payload per sector * 75 sectors per second = 174300 bytes per second

(8)

actually you can try other resoulutions as well, but then you are leaving the SVCD specification behind you...

(9)

see http://www.nocrew.org/?part=vcdpad

(10)

8 bytes for subheader, 2324 bytes payload and finally 4 bytes for EDC

(11)

if no file name extension is supposed to exist the dot must be placed as a trailing dot.

(12)

see documentation for popt for more information about option aliasing

(13)

add it to `/etc/popt' if the setting should be available system-wide

Table of Contents

Introduction
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE

Preamble
Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

1. Video CD Concepts

1.1 General Information
1.2 Anatomy of Video CDs
1.3 Known Video CD Flavors

1.3.1 Video CD 1.1
1.3.2 Video CD 2.0
1.3.3 Extended Video CD
1.3.4 Super Video CD 1.0
1.3.5 Extended Super Video CD

2. Reference

2.1 `vcdimager' Tool

2.1.1 Requirements For input MPEG streams

2.1.1.1 Video CD
2.1.1.2 Super Video CD
2.1.1.3 Common Constraints

2.1.2 Adding Files to the Video CD
2.1.3 CD-i Support

2.2 `vcdrip' Tool

3. Examples

3.1 Simple Multitrack Example
3.2 MPEG Extraction

A. Acronym Expansions

Short Table of Contents

Introduction
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
1. Video CD Concepts
2. Reference
3. Examples
A. Acronym Expansions

About this document

• 1. Section One
• 1.1 Subsection One-One
• ...
• 1.2 Subsection One-Two
• 1.2.1 Subsubsection One-Two-One
• 1.2.2 Subsubsection One-Two-Two
• 1.2.3 Subsubsection One-Two-Three     <== Current Position
• 1.2.4 Subsubsection One-Two-Four
• 1.3 Subsection One-Three
• ...
• 1.4 Subsection One-Four